Power Hour Reading- Nervous System

Inside of a Dog-What Dogs See, Smell, and Know
"Umwelt: From the Dog's Point of Nose"

This book was about the behaviours of dogs and how owners tend to make assumptions of the dogs feelings based on their reactions to certain experiences in relation to how a person would react to it as well.

If you have an animal, you think that you know what the animal likes, dislikes, feels, etc., based on being around them for so long. One example of this that it shows it shows in the book is if your dog doesn't like to go outside when it is raining. You could take this as he doesn't like rain, or if you put a coat on the dog when it rains, it could be more likely that he feels dominated by the pressure of the rain coat. Domestic dogs don't usually feel dominated in the same way as wild dogs, but they still have that instinct in them that when something is pressing against their neck, that they have to show submission.

What Alexandra Horowitz encourages readers to do from the very beginning of the book is to try to forget everything you think you know about this dog. Pretend as if it is not only a stranger's dog, but maybe even a wild dog. Now, you would make assumptions of how the dog is feeling most likely by if their shackles are raised, if their tail is wagging, or if they are "smiling". You wouldn't "know" the dog's behavior as if it were your own.

Another example that the book had was about chickens. If chickens were like people they would tend to not pick a train full of hot sweaty people, but instead pick one that is more empty. However, if you put chickens into different parts of a house that is spacious, they tend to stick together rather than wanting their own space.

This just goes to show that humans tend to perceive animals based on their own like/dislikes and how humans would react to the situation. But, humans as individuals tend to react to different things differently even though we try to categorize animals as a whole.

This reading relates to everyday life and the class because people tend to make assumptions all the time about how they think certain people would react to something they would say or do. Like when we did our synovial Joint dances in class, many people would pick on another group to do their dance so that they didn't have to embarrass themselves and they feared what other people would think of them. (Assumptions)

Muscular System Reflection Unit 7

To start off with in this Unit, we learned about directional terms and joint movements. We learned a little bit about this in the last unit when talking about synovial joints, such as elevation/depression, plantar flexion, supination/pronation, and retraction/protraction. The next section we learned about was properties of muscle tissue such as contractibilty, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity. We then learned about different components of a muscle. There is the fascia, which is the thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue that hold the muscle fibers together; then there is epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, which are the smaller building blocks that make up muscle fibers (a lot like the layers of skin and also similar root words found in the heart); and also tendons, which attaches the muscle periosteum to bone.


After learning about this section, we did a Chicken Dissection, and then did a blog post of the Chicken Dissection Lab Analysis. To sum that experience up, we cut into the chickens breast, back, wings and legs to find a whole list of certain muscles. 


Muscle Contractions are when a muscle contracts and the myosin and actin filaments slide past each other. This causes the muscles to shorten. There is a whole lot more to this process and we were told to make a stop motion video depicting how a muscle contraction worked: Stop Motion Video. This was pretty fun to make but it was a little difficult as well. None of the people in my group were great artists as you can probably tell so it didn't turn out as pretty as I had hoped. In part of it we were trying to have the picture to the left be out guide, and then we had to repeat that process three times. This was where the ATP attaches to the ATP binding site on the myosin crossbridge to move the muscle. The ATP turns into ADP+P and then the P flies off and the myosin head binds to binding site on actin. The ADP is then pushed off as well causing the myosin to swivel back to its resting state. 

The last thing we learned about was muscle enhancers. Commonly known ones are steroids, and athletes usually take them to boost heart rate and blood pressure to perform better. Different types of performance enhancers do different things, but they all have bad side effects. While some enhancers such as caffeine only make you jittery and dehydrated, other such as Erythropoietin can cause heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary edema. For Anatomy homework, a partner and I had to make a Satirical Ad on Performance Enhancers.

Even though this Unit was about muscle, we didn't really hit on the disease aspect of it. Since my sister has muscular sclerosis, I was hoping to learn a little bit more about that. Butt, throughout this unit, I learned a lot of others things. It was a lot of information to take in, but it was interesting.

Performance Enhancers and Creatine Satirical Ad

In the Performance Enhancement notes, we learned about different types of stimulants that can help people preform better and more efficiently.  People take these performance enhancers for many reasons, be it to aid in athletic ability, build muscle quicker, lose body fat faster, or even to help them recover faster. However, many of them can cause more damage than good. In both females and males, it can cause liver damage, high blood pressure, increased risk of tendon and ligament damage, and heart disease.

In males, it can cause the estrogen to come more into play. For example, testicles can shrink and their breasts can grow. In females, the opposite can occur. Testosterone levels will go up causing male-type facial and hair growth, deepening of the voice, and breast shrinkage.

There are many types of these stimulants that are well known such as caffeine, massages, and carbo-loading. These are the last risky stimulants. People (me included!) drink coffee every morning to get them to wake up, and this causes them to also be more alert and ready.

Other stimulants such as Erythropoietin(can cause stroke or heart attack), Anabolic steroids (can cause high blood pressure and liver damage), and Creatine (side affects listed in the above picture), are a lot more dangerous to use.

Chicken Dissection Lab Analysis

In this lab, we used whole chickens from Safeway. We were instructed to find many different muscles by cutting into the back, front, wings and legs. In the first incision we cut along the midline of the chest to expose the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor. These muscles help the bird move its wings, while in humans it pulls the shoulders forwards and down. These two muscles have striations running in opposite ways.

After this, we flipped the bird carcass onto its chest and did the same cut on the midline of the back. We peeled back the skin to expose the Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi muscles. In humans, the trapezius either shrugs the shoulders, or pulls the shoulders back. The Latissimus Dorsi helps to extend the arm or wing.


We extended the wing of the bird next to get a better angle at the Deltoid, Biceps Brachii, and Triceps Humeralis. The Deltoid is located at the top of the shoulder to help with raising your arms. The Biceps Brachii flexes, or bends, the arm, while the Triceps Humeralis extends the arms. The second half of the wing, also our forearm, contained the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, which flexes the hand, and the Brachioradialis, which pulls the hand back.

Moving onto the Chicken's legs, we found the Sartorius, Iliotibialis, Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus, and Semitendinosus on the thigh area. The Sartorius flexes the thigh and is what allows humans to cross their legs, the Iliotibialis extends the thigh as well as flexes the knee. The Biceps Femoris flexes the leg, similarly to what the Biceps Brachii does in the arm. The Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus both help with extending the thigh.

The last section that we cut into was the drumstick, or the calf of humans. In this area, we found the Gastrocnemius, the Peroneus Longus, and the Tibialis Anterior. The Gastrocnemius extends the foot and flexes the lower leg, the Peroneus Longus also extends the foot, and the Tibialis Anterior flexes the foot.

After we did all of this, we started the cleanup process and disinfected the table, tools and our hands and forearms

What Happens When You Stretch

"When the muscle is stretched, so is the muscle spindle (aka intrafusal fibers). The muscle spindle records the length (and how fast) and sends signals to the spine which convey this information. This triggers the stretch reflex, or myotatic reflex, which attempts to resist the muscle length by causing the stretched muscle to contract. This basic function of the muscle fiber helps to maintain muscle tone and to protect the body from injury"
--I thought this quote was interesting because it says that the signals are sent to the spine. I'm not really sure why it is sent there. One of the reasons why we hold a stretch for a long time is because we need the muscle spindle to become accustomed to the new length so it stops sending signals.

"The static component of the stretch reflex persists as long as the muscle is being stretched. The dynamic component of the stretch reflex (which can be very powerful) lasts only for a moment and is in response to the initial sudden increase in muscle length."
-The static component is also known as the nuclear chain fibers, and the nuclear bad fibers are responsible for the dynamic component. Both of these are the two kinds of intrafusal muscle fibers.

"When muscles contract (possibly due to the stretch reflex), they produce tension at the point where the muscle is connected to the tendon, where the Golgi tendon is located."
- This is when the lengthening reaction occurs if the tension passes a certain point. The Golgi tendon is responsible for recording the tension.



Relate and Review:
Stretching starts when the sarcomere contracts which causes the areas between the thick and thin myofilaments to increase. When it stretches, the area decreases , and then the muscle fiber become longer. When you stretch the sarcomeres to their capacity, the connective tissue will then be able to stretch just a little bit further.

Unit 6 Reflection

In this unit, although we have not done any blogging, we have learned a lot about the skeletal system. The skeleton is used for many different purposes. First, it supports the body. It also protects the bodies soft organs. The skeletal system not only includes 206 bones (luckily we only had to know and remember where 40 of them were), but it also includes cartilage, joints, ligaments(connects bone to bone), and tendons (connects bone to muscle).


There are many different types of bones: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones tend to be longer than they are wide and contain mostly compact bone. Short bones are typically cube-shaped such as carpals and tarsals. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. Some examples of this are the sternum, skull, and ribs. The last type of bone is the irregular bone which does not fit into any other classification. This includes the vertebrae and hips bones.


We also learned about 6 different diseases related to the skeletal system. Arthritis is a common disease where there are over 100 types. This is a disease where there is inflammation in the joints. Osteoporosis is when the bones have lost important minerals such as calcium, and then become brittle and porous. When bones are Vitamin D deficient, it cause softening and weakening of the bones, called Rickets. Scoliosis, Lordosis, and Kyphosis all have to do with the spine. Scoliosis is another commonly known disease that causes abnormal curvature of the spine side-to-side. When there is excessive curvature of the thoracic, or upper region of the spine, it is known as Kyphosis. Similarly, if there is excessive curvature of the Lumbar vertebrae, or lower region of the spine, it is known as Lordosis.




I mentioned before that calcium was one of the main causes of Osteoporosis. Well, calcium actually aids a lot in health. It is necessary for maintaining pH of blood, heart function, nerve function, and the building and repairing of teeth and bones. It is very important to have healthy levels of calcium in your body, otherwise it gets pulled from our bones.

In bone remodeling, there are 4 major cells that contribute. First, are the osteoprogenitor cells. They are dividing cells that develop into osteoblasts, which are the bone-building cells. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and osteocalcin. They then go on to become mature bone cells, or Osteocytes, which carry out the daily activities of bone tissue. Finally, there are Osteoclasts, which are found on the surface of the bones and are responsible for the breaking down of bone tissue.







Another topic that we were taught was on bone fractures. We learned the difference between complete fractures (bone breaks completely through), incomplete or greenstick fracture (fracture does not extend through the bone), and closed or simple fracture (bone does not tear through the skin). It can get more complicated than this when it comes to factures, but I will leave it at this!



I hope you enjoyed reading about my experience of learning about the human skeleton as much as I enjoyed learning about it! Thank You!